Twentieth-Century art Essay Example for Free

Twentieth-Century art Essay In 1902 Boccioni left Rome to study the Impressionists in Paris; later, in 1904, he settled for some months in Russia with a family he had known in France. Through a trip to France in the autumn of 1911 Boccioni had become familiar with Cubist techniques. This new experience helped him to achieve a more autonomous artistic language in which the fragmentation of color was combined with a deeper perception of space. With time Boccioni was evolving an image of staggering physical power, and explored different means of expression. In his The City Rises of 1910-11 (Fig. 1), a painting of intense ambitiousness, done just at the threshold of his breakthrough into Futurism, it is quite apparent that he was indebted to Cubist inventions for the depiction of a fractured space and the breaking down of forms across the picture plane. But to this he adds something the Cubists had noticeably shied away from: color – the kind which illuminated and even decomposed forms in Impressionist painting with its resonance and brilliance. According to the art critic, Rosenblum, Boccioni still prolifically utilizes here a modified Impressionist technique whose atomizing effect on mass permits the forceful symbols of horse and manpower to slip out of their skins in a blur of moving light (Rosenblum, 1996). Figure 1 Umberto Boccioni The City Rises, 1910-11 Oil on canvas 6 ft 6 1/2 ins x 9 ft 10 1/2 ins Museum of Modern Art, New York In this work, painted in a half-naturalistic style and made up of dots and whirling strokes of vibrant color, forms, light and color melt into frenzy of simultaneous activities, each actively pursuing the other for clarity and visual authority. The result is something like visual noise, where each gesture or diminished form takes on the personality of a boisterous shout in a turbulent crowd. The artist attempts to express not merely people moving but movement itself and the collective emotion of the crowd. The relentless activity of The City Rises typified the one of the sides of Boccioni’s character where the brooding, emotional qualities of an artist were not easily suppressed. In the City Rises against the Milanese urban background of smoking chimneys, scaffolding, a streetcar, and a locomotive, enormous draft horses tug at their harnesses, while street workers attempt to direct the animals’ explosive strength. Robert Rosenblum in the book Cubism and Twentieth-Century Art describes pictorial means of â€Å"realizing this veneration of titanic energies and industrial activity† utilized in the painting as anachronistic and focuses on â€Å"the prominent role given to horse power† as on a symbol of that anachronism (Rosenblum, 1996, 180). Yet it appears that radical Boccioni’s treatment of forms within this Cubist space was actually much more conservative than that of his less political friends Picasso and Braque, and he never completely let go of the descriptive character of his work. On the other hand, Boccioni was at some pains to distinguish his movement from that of Cubism. As he saw it, the Cubists were merely projecting as simultaneous onto the plane of the canvas the sequence of aspects from which the object was viewed, whereas the planes of Futurism emanate from the dynamic interior of desolidified objects (Antliff, 2000, 722). When war was declared, he, like many of his Futurist comrades, immediately enlisted and joined the Lombard Cyclists Brigade. After short pause he returned to military service and shortly after was accidentally thrown from his horse during the cavalry training exercise and died following day, aged 33 (Osborn, 2001). It is so ironic that a Futurist should have met his death by being thrown from a horse, when his propagating of speed and dynamism would have recommended a more suitable vehicle, like an automobile or an airplane. Even more ironic seems the fact that the horse was a kind of leitmotiv of Boccioni’s art. In The City Rises immense flamboyant horses energize the foreground while some rather poky buildings rise in the background. It is with reference to the horse that Boccioni explains the principles of Futurism. â€Å"A running horse does not have four legs,† he writes in Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting, â€Å"It has twenty, and their movements are triangular. † (Boccioni et al. ) And perhaps the greatest irony of all was the artist’s welcome embrace of the First World War as a â€Å"cleansing† of culture. However, with the horrors of the First World War, Futurism died too. Works Cited Antliff, Mark. â€Å"The Fourth Dimension and Futurism: A Politicized Space. † The Art Bulletin v. 82 no. 4 (2000): 720-33. Boccioni, Umberto, et al. Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting. 1910 http://www. unknown. nu/futurism/techpaint. html (accessed April 12, 2007). Osborn, Bob. â€Å"The Pre-Futurist Years. † Futurism and the Futurists. http://futurism. org. uk/boccioni/boccframes. htm (accessed February 25, 2007) Rosenblum, Robert. Cubism and Twentieth-Century Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1966 Taylor, Joshua C. Boccioni. New York: Double Company, Inc, 1961.

Urban trends in developing countries Essay Example for Free

Urban trends in developing countries Essay The urban trends in the world’s poorest countries have recorded an impressive growth in the last few decades. As a continuous process, urbanization in many developing countries is attributed to a number of factors. These include population growth, transformation of rural areas into small towns, poverty and unemployment, environmental degradation, lack of the basic infrastructure, increasing international immigration among others (Cohen, 2006, p 7). In Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya, the history of urbanization dates back to the colonial era. Historical causes and factors like over population in the rural areas of the country led to an increased mobility of people with an expectation of urban development. As well, increased trade which favored some geographical areas of the country led to urbanization in Nairobi. Subsequently, the administrative and industrial centers were favored by colonialists thus giving rise to improvement of infrastructure that encouraged urbanization in Kenya’s capital city (Baker, 1989, p. 53) In the year 1948, the total number of urban centers in the country was 17 with over 100,000 people. However, both the number of urban centers and size of population significantly increased by the year 1979 to 91 centers. Nairobi, with its low agricultural activities accounted for nearly 17. 8% of the total urban population during this year (Baker, 1989 p. 56). Currently, the population has doubled since 1978. It is also projected that the population will increase by 77% within 2007-2050 (Yin Kent, 2008). Among the implications of urbanization in Nairobi which grows approximately by 10% each year include an increased poverty, shortage of housing which has resulted to slums, inadequate transportation and infrastructure, water supply, increased danger of epidemic diseases, environmental degradation among others (NY, 1988). Reference Baker, J. (I989). Small Town Africa: Studies in rural-urban interaction. (pp. 53-56). Nordic Africa Institute, 1990. Cohen, B. (2006). Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability.Retrieved October 25, 2008 from http://www7. nationalacademies. org/dbasse/Cities_Transformed_World_Technolo gyInSociety_Article. pdf. New York Times. (1988). Nairobi slum: Urbanization as a cancer. Retrieved October 25, 2008 from http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=940DE7D71F38F93AA35755C0 A96E948260 Yin, S. Kent, M. (2008). Kenya: The demographics of a country in turmoil. Retrieved October 25, 2008 from http://www. prb. org/Articles/2008/kenya. aspx

Geographic Study of Mountain Area

Geographic Study of Mountain Area CHAPTER II STUDY AREA PROFILE 2.0 General: The study area (13858.83 ha) is a mountain range between River Pravara and River Mula Basin. The range started from western boarder at Ghatghar village and end eastern border at village Washere in the Akole tahsil, district Ahmendagar of Maharashtra state. The extent of study area is 19 ° 35 06.86 to 19 ° 30 13.08 N latitude and 73 ° 37 00.03 to 74 ° 04 24.65 E longitude. It covers parts of the Survey of India topographic sheet numbers 47 E/ 10, 11, 14, 15 and 47 I/ 2, 3. The depth and water-holding capacity of the soils are varied even if there is slightly change in slopes which is the one of the reason in the variation of forest land. The slope of the area is decreasing from NW to SE respectively and the height varies from 560 m to 1646 meters above mean sea level. Study area is distributed in the Sahyadri mountains (Western ghat) region of the Maharashtra state. Geologically this area formed from basaltic lava. Basalt rock prevent percolation of rainy, reservoir water in to underground zone. Due to rock type the soil cover is very shallow at the top of the mountain and increasing its deepness at foothill zones near water reservoirs. Basic Intrusive (Dykes) mainly found nearby this area. This are the approximate reasons of the shallow soil cover. Very shallow loamy, shallow clayey soil found on the moderate (1 °- 3 °) and stiff (3 °- 6 °) slope. Soil moisture impact on the amount of the vegetation cover with respect to soil type and slope. Therefore, North West and South zone have maximum vegetation cover compare to other land of the study area. It receives annual rainfall about 440.4 mm. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 39.80 C and 8.70 C respectively. Local tribal people engages with the agricultural activities at reclaimed land from forest area. Forestry is the second occupation after agriculture. 2.1 Geology: Study area is a part of Sahyadri Mountain Range (Western Ghat). Also called as Deccan Trap formed by basaltic rocks; amygdaloidal basalts form the bedrock. This area has shallow soil like loam, clayey; again divided in to sub types based on depth and slope classes. Overlying weathered and fractured rocks, resting on hard massive basalt. The basalts are nearly horizontal, separated by thin layers of ancient soil and volcanic ash (red bole). The basalt flows are nearly flat-lying (the sequence has a regional southerly dip of 0.5-1 °) and mainly belong to the Thakurvadi Formation (Fm) of the Kalsubai Subgroup (Khadri et al. 1988; Subbarao and Hooper 1988). The lithology of the area indicating that around 77.17 % area covered by 12-14 compound pahoehoe flows and some Aa flows (max 206m). Around 4.53 % by 2 compound pahoehoe flows (40-50m) and Megacryst compound pahoehoe basaltic flow M3 (50-60m) up to 3.26 %. Remaing 0.89% covered by 5 Aa and 1 compound pahoehoe basaltic lava flows (Max. 160m); 4-5 compound pahoehoe basaltic lava flows (Max. 150m), Basik Sill/Lava channels respectively. The regional stratigraphy of the Deccan basalts has been described by Beane et al. (1989), Khadri et al (1988), and Subbarao and Hooper (1988). Structural indices indicate the part of basic intrusive (dykes) in the part of noer-west and south-east. One fault line cross at the middle part of the study area. 2.2 Relief: Study situated at the middle of the tehsil Akole. It has horizontal shape and act like a natural water divider. Relief turn and fix the surface geographical landforms. The altitude of this area is varies from less than 640 meter (minimum) to 1646 meter (maximum). The formation of soil, natural vegetation cover and soil moisture conditions are totally controlled by the status of the relief. Contour lines demarcate the height of the study area above mean sea level. The Kalasubai (1646m) highest peak of the Maharashtra state located in the Akole tehsil. In the tehsil second highest peak Harishchandragarh (1422m) located in the south-west part of the study area. Relief decreasing toward to the Washere village of this mountain range. Drainage network flow depends on relief is explained in next point. 2.3 Slope: Slope of the study area calculated in degree (0 ° to 90 °) on the basis of contours. This slope of the area divided in to 7 classes. Gentle slope has up to 1 ° slope where water reserve and collected in dam. Soil depth, cover and types also depends on the nature of slope. Hill top and cliff sides has precipitous to very steep slope (12 ° to 90 °). At foothill slope moderate to steep (1 ° to 12 °) zone has maximum forest cover in north-west and south-west direction. Eroded material on the top hill concentrating on the foothill slopes and favourable for soil formation. That is why the in this area soil moisture, soil depth and vegetation cover found more than other zone. Soil types and different characteristics has been elaborated in the next point. 2.4 Drainage: Network of drainage is developing continually and it’s responsible for the different landform creation. Relief controlled the drainage flow and streams erode land surface in to different geographical landform features. Relief and streams has strong correlation. Study area has an origin point of the main river Pravara. River flows from north-west to north-east direction. This river has main and minor dam. Bhandardara is main dam situated on river Pravara, which is an important land-cover feature in study area. At the time of robust forest change analysis this water body play an important role. Soil moisture depend on drainage network and water reservoirs after rainy season. It made difference in the type of vegetation cover from dense forest to open scrub land. Drainage pattern related to slope and slope related to forest growth has been explained in detailed in the next point. 2.5 Soil: The growth and reproduction of forest cannot be understood without the knowledge of soil. The soil and vegetation have a complex interrelation because they develop together over a long period of time. The vegetation influences the chemical properties of soil to a great extent. The selective absorption of nutrient elements by different tree species and their capacity to return them to the soil brings about changes in soil properties (Singh et al. 1986). Soil element is one of the most important biophysical matter. Concentration of elements in the soils is a good indicator of their availability to plants. Their presence in soil would give good information towards the knowledge of nutrient cycling and bio-chemical cycle in the soil–plant ecosystem (Pandit and Thampan 1988). Generation of soil is depend on geology, topography, time span, climatic conditions, organic and inorganic factors, etc. Forests in general have a greater influence on soil conditions than most other plant eco system types, due to a well-developed ‘‘O’’ horizon, moderating temperature, and humidity at the soil surface, input of litter with high lignin content, high total net primary production, and high water and nutrient demand (Binkley and Giardina 1998). Study area is a hilly zone, soil is very shallow at the top-hills while excessively drained loamy soil (a rich soil consisting of a mixture of sand and clay and decaying organic materials) found at steep slopes north-west direction. Shallow well drained clayey soil and slightly deep excessively drained loamy soil found over moderate to gentle slope respectively. Clay soils, are made up of very fine, microscopic particles. These tiny particles fit together tightly, resulting in tiny pore spaces between them. The tiny pore spaces allow water to move through them, but at a much slower pace than in sandy soils. Clay soils drain quite slowly and hold more water than sandy soils. Loams soil capacity of maximum water holding (MWHC) approximately 0.18 inches of water per inch of soil depth, and clays hold up to 0.17 inches of water per inch of soil depth. However, soil types, soil elements, soil depth depends on the geology of the study area, explained in next point. 2.6Population and economic activities: Humans being living surrounding this area most are the tribal population. Primary economical activities including shifting cultivation, fishery, 2.7Spectral properties of plants in the forest: (1st ch) Interaction of radiation with plant leaves is extremely complex. General features of this interaction have been studied but many spectral features are yet unexplained. Gates et al., (1965) are considered pioneers, who have studied spectral characteristics of leaf reflection, transmission and absorption. Optical properties of plants have been further studied to understand the mechanisms involved by Gausman and Allen (1973), Wooley (1971) and Allen et al., (1970). It is the synthesis of the parameters like reflection of plant parts, reflection of plant canopies, nature and state of plant canopies and Structure and texture of plant canopies, which will be required to fully understand the remote sensing data collected from space borne and aerial platforms. They have been attempted for crop canopies through the development of models but not yet fully achieved. It will be initially required to discuss the electromagnetic spectrum and its interaction with vegetation canopies. Subsequent factors affecting the spectral reflectance of plant canopies with its possible applications in remote sensing technology would be discussed. The vegetation reflectance is influenced by the reflectance characteristics of individual plant organs, canopy organization and type, growth stage of plants, structure and texture of the canopies. The synthesis of the above four aspects provides true reflectance characteristic. However, various authors without fully achieving models to determine vegetation reflectance characteristics have studied effect of individual parameters. 2.6.1 Nature of the Plant: Numerous measurements have been performed to evaluate the spectral response of various categories of plants with a spectrophotometer (Fig. ***). For a plant in its normal state i.e., typical and healthy the spectral reflectance is specific of the group, the species and even of the variety at a given stage in its phenological evolution. The general aspects of spectral reflectance of healthy plant in the range from 0.4 to 2.6  µm is shown in figure ****. The very abrupt increase in reflectance near 0.7  µm and the fairly abrupt decrease near 1.5  µm are present for all mature, healthy green leaves. Very high; further in the far infrared >3.0  µm. Thus, the typical spectral curve of plant is divided into three prominent zones correlated with morphological characteristics of the leaves (Gates, 1971). 2.6.2 à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Pigment Absorption Zone: The important pigments, viz. chlorophyll, xanthophylls and carotenoids absorb energy strongly in ultraviolet blue and red regions of the EMR. The reflectance and transmittance are weak. The absorbed energy of this part of this spectrum is utilized for the photosynthetic activity (Allen et al. 1970). 2.6.3 Multidioptric Reflectance Zone: In this zone, the reflectance is high, while the absorbptance remains weak. All the unabsorbed energy (30 to 70% according to the type of plant) is transmitted. They reflectance is essentially due to the internal structure of the leaf and the radiation is able to penetrate. The reflectance from internal structure is of physical more than chemical nature. Apart front the contribution of the waxy cuticle, the magnitude of the reflectance depends primarily upon the amount of spongy mesophyll. 2.6.4 à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Hydric Zone: Amount of water inside the leaf affect the pattern of spectral reflectance with water specific absorption bands at 1.45  µm, 1.95  µm and 2.6  µm. Liquid water in a leaf causes strong absorption throughout middle infrared region. Beyond 2.5  µm the reflectance becomes less than 5% due to atmospheric absorption and beyond 3  µm the vegetation starts acting as quasi blackbody (Gates et al., 1965). There are numerous factors either internal of the plant or external coming from the environmental conditions have an influence on the specific spectral reflectance. The above descriptions are true only for a normal, mature and healthy vegetation. The factors which affect the spectral reflectance of leaves are leaf structure, maturity, pigmentation, sun exposition, phyllotaxis, pubescene, turgidity (water content) nutritional status and, disease etc. Important factors are pigmentation, nutritional status, anatomy of leaves and water content. While, sun exposition and phyllotaxy affects the canopy reflectance, phenological state and disease are linked to the primary factors affecting the spectral reflectance (Wooley, 1971). 2.7Spectral vegetation indices: Radiant energy intercepted by a vegetative canopy is primarily scattered by leaves either away from the leaf surface or to the leaf interior. The scattered radiation is reflected, transmitted or absorbed by leaves. The partitioning of radiation a reflected, transmitted or absorbed energy depends on a number of factor including leaf cellular structures (Gates et al. 1965; Kfipling, 1970; Woolley, 1971), leaf pubescence and roughness (Gausman, 1977), leaf morphology and physiology (Gausman et al., 1969 a, b; Gausman and Allen, 1973; Gausman et al., 1971) and leaf surface characteristics (Breece and Hommes, 1971; Grant, 1985). Leaves are not perfectly diffuse reflectors but have diffuse and specular characteristics. Leaf transmittance tends to have a non Lambertian distribution, while leaf reflectance is dependent on illumination and view angles. Knowledge of soils radiation interaction with individual leaves is necessary for several reasons like special to interpret and process remotely sensed data. Typical reflectance and transmittance spectrum of a individual plant leaf indicate three distinct wavelength regions in interaction: visible (0.4-0.7  µm), near infrared (NIR) (0.7-1.35  µm) and mid infrared (mid IR) (1.35-2.7  µm). Thus the typical spectral curve of plant is divided into three prominent zones correlated with morphological/anatomical/physiological characteristics of the leaves and these are Pigment Absorption Zone, Multi-Dioptric Reflectance Zone and Hydric Zone, etc. The analysis of all remotely sensed data involves models of many processes wherein the EM radiation is transformed (the scene, atmosphere and sensor) and whereby inference is made about the scene from the image data. The most common strategy for relating remote sensing data to vegetation canopies has been via the correlation of vegetation indices with vegetation structure and functional variables. This simple empirical approach has yielded substantial understanding of the structure and dynamics of vegetation at all scales. These indices are capable of handling variation introduced in a scene due to atmosphere or sensor and vegetation background influence in low vegetation cover areas. The capacity to assess and monitor the structure of terrestrial vegetation using spectral properties recorded by remote sensing is important because structure can be related to functioning, that is to ecosystem processes that are ultimately aggregated up to the functioning of the local-regional-global level of ecosystem. The categorization of the various spectral indices in to approximately five types. Such as Ratio Indices, Vegetation Indices, Orthogonal based Indices, Perpendicular Vegetation Indices and Tasseled Cap Transformation, etc. Remote sensing of cropland, forest and grassland involves the measurement of reflected energy of component in the presence of each other. The development and usefulness of vegetation indices are dependent upon the degree to which the spectral contribution of non-vegetation component can be isolated from the measured canopy response. Although vegetation indices have been widely recognized a valuable tools in the measurement and interpretation of ‘vegetation condition’ several limitation have also been identified. They are related to soil brightness effect and secondary soil spectral deviations. The use of site specific soil lines reduces soil background influence. In this context SAVI, GRABS and PVI holds greater promise in low vegetated areas. The vegetation indices are simplified method to extract information about vegetation parameter from multispectral data however, their use in spectral modeling needs to be studied in context of spectral dynamics of earth surface components. 2.8Resume`: Forest cover is an important natural resource for the environment and socio-eco on the surface of the earth. It can bridge the gap between nature and human beings conflicts. Changes in the forest land increase the imbalance in the ecosystem, climatic conditions, temperature, land degradation, drought prone zones, soil erosion, depending manmade activities, etc. The living tribes in the mountain hill as well as foot hill area utilized forest material for their domestic usages. Therefore, the objectives of detection and delineation of the forest land by using ordinary classification methods have been outlined in the present study. The methodology has been outlined in this chapter. The Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ dataset has been suggested as a source of information to achieve the objectives of the study. The basic knowledge regarding spectral properties of the forest and physiographic elements as well as spectral vegetation indices area has been proposed for the second chapter to m ake information base study for image analysis, classification and interpretation in the next chapters. *********

The Tremendous Potential of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Argumentative

Genetic engineering, the process of using genetic information from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cells to fix or improve genetic defects or maladies, has been developing for over twenty years. When Joseph Vacanti, a pediatric surgeon at Children’s Hospital, and Robert Langer, a chemical engineering professor at MIT, first met as researchers in the 1970’s, they had little knowledge of the movement they would help found. After they discovered a method of growing live tissue in the 1980’s, a new science was born, and it races daily towards new discoveries and medical breakthroughs (Arnst and Carey 60). â€Å"Tissue engineering offers the promise that failing organs and aging cells no longer be tolerated — they can be rejuvenated or replaced with healthy cells and tissues grown anew† (Arnst and Carey 58). The need for genetic engineering becomes quite evident in the promises it offers in various medical fields, as well to financial ones. Despite cr itics’ arguments about the morality or practicality of it, genetic engineering should continue to provide the essential benefits it has to offer without unnecessary legal impediment. Every year, the need for new organs in organ transplants becomes more apparent. â€Å"I recognized fairly early that the biggest problem facing me as a surgeon was the shortage of organs. I’ve devoted my professional life to solving that problem,† Vacanti said (Arnst and Carey 60). Approximately eight million people in the United States undergo surgery annually to correct organ failure (Arnst and Carey 61). While these patients wait for surgery and others wait on the transplant list, their medical expenses reach up to $400 billion. These expenses count for almost one-half of American heath-care bills. Nearly four... ..., Chrisitne. â€Å"An Attack on Aging.† Time. 26 January 1998: 60. Haney, Daniel Q. â€Å"Genes Help Heart Grown Own Bypass.† Columbus Dispatch. 10 Novemeber 1998. 3A. Johnson, B. Julie. â€Å"Genetic Engineering is Dangerous.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 17-21. Kraemer, Duane C. â€Å"Genetically Altered Animals Will Benefit Humankind.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 94-101. Lee, Thomas F. â€Å"Gene Therapy is Beneficial.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 166-173. Mahoney, Richard J. â€Å"The U.S. Should Continue Investing in Biotechnology.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 29-36.

A Closer Look At Classical Conditioning Essay -- Classical Conditionin

Classical conditioning is a part of everyday life, and it has been around for as long as living organism have been around. Most people have no idea that classical conditioning occurs on a daily basis. It can happen anywhere, our homes simply watching TV, or being outside in the public. Classical conditioning is a way of learning that happens when two stimuli are presented together, which then become associated with each other. Classical conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov, and it is so closely associated to him that it is sometimes even called Pavlovian Conditioning. Classical conditioning was later reinforced by John Watson with the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment, and recently with the Cockroach experiment by Makoto Mizunami and Hidehiro Watanabe . Classical conditioning does not only affects humans, it affects all animals ranging from the smallest bacteria to dogs and cockroaches. This type of conditioning is also used in marketing and even treating phobias. Classical conditioning is a type of conditioning that links two stimuli together to produce a new response. Classical conditioning has three stages. The first step, before conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) makes an unconditioned response (UCR). This means that there is a stimulus that produces a response, usually a natural response. One example of this would be is if someone blows into our eye, our eye would close, humans didn't have to learn this response it came by nature. Another example of an unconditioned response would be someone touching a stove and jerking the hand back, or salivation at the sight of food. Stage two, during the conditioning, a new response is presented, the conditioned stimulus (CS). The unconditioned stimulus is tied in ... ...s. It is one of the best treatments for phobias. It is even used by almost all of the best commercials on TV and the internet. References Allen, C. T., & Madden, T. J. (1985). A Closer Look At Classical Conditioning. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 301. McLeod, S. (2008). Classical Conditioning.Simply Psychology. Retrieved November 24, 2013, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html Classical Conditioning. (2010).  - Simply Psychology. Retrieved November 24, 2013, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html Watanabe H, Mizunami M (2007) Pavlov's Cockroach: Classical Conditioning of Salivation in an Insect. PLOS ONE 2(6): e529. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000529 Marks, I. M. (1987). Fears, phobias, and rituals: Panic, anxiety, and their disorders. New York: Oxford University Press.

Maliciousness Exposed in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

Foolishness and Maliciousness in Exposed in  Heart of Darkness  Ã‚        Ã‚   Joseph Conrad paralleled the Eldorado Expedition in his novel Heart of Darkness with the Katanga Expedition of 1890-1892. By doing so, he illustrated the folly and malevolence of the leaders of the Katanga Expedition and of Imperialist profiteers in general. The foundations for the Katanga Expedition were laid in 1883 when King Leopold proposed that he would leave the Congo state to Belgium in his will if he could borrow 25 million francs without interest to finance development of the area. In 1890, Prime Minister Beernaert ensured that Leopold got the loan (Pakenham 399). Through German adventurers and British missionaries, Leopold soon learned of both the riches Katanga had to offer in terms of natural resources and of its unusual native warlord, Msiri. With hopes of gaining raw materials, Leopold launched the Katanga Expedition in 1890 (Pakenham 400). Conrad’s "Kurtz" in Heart of Darkness is based on Georges-Antoine Klein (Sherry 9), although there are many similarities between him and Msiri, the native chief of Katanga, as well. Like Kurtz, Msiri was fond of keeping tight control of everything in his area, and he was partial to showing off his collection of human heads (Pakenham 400). As Kurtz had no qualms about shooting his supporters (such as the Russian) over trivial matters (Conrad 56), Msiri frequently cut off appendages of any of his subjects who displeased him (Pakenham 403). As Msiri was huge, "six-foot and fourteen stone," (Pakenham 403), Kurtz "looked at least 7 feet long" (Conrad 59). When Msiri’s enemies became bolder, huts filled with Msiri’s supplies were burned down (Pakenham 406). This is analogous to the incident in Heart of... ... at the back of it than there is in burglars breaking into a safe," (Conrad 33). Through Marlow, Conrad was pointing out the evil ambitions of the Katanga Expedition. In the Katanga Expedition, there was no true goal of "enlightening" the "savage" natives. The members of the expedition cared only about money and riches. They did not care about what happened to the native people of Africa. Conrad was disgusted with the way Belgium treated people of the Congo, and he blatantly illustrated this repugnance with his portrayal of the Katanga Expedition thinly veiled as the Eldorado Expedition. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc, 1988. Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa. New York: Random House, 1991. Sherry, Norman. Conrad’s Western World. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1971.      

Methodology on Renewable Energy in Powys Wales

This chapter identifies the justifications for, and cogency of, the methods and procedures used during the research. As briefly outlined in the debut, this research undertaking will sketch the bing and possible usage of renewable energy through the planning system in Powys, Mid Wales. Presently there are a figure of major undertakings, preponderantly wind farms already present in Powys nevertheless there is range for more every bit good as other renewable beginnings such as Anaerobic Digestion and Micro Hydro Power. The undermentioned subdivisions will aˆÂ ¦ ( do sure you signpost )What is Research?Harmonizing to the Encarta World English Dictionary ( day of the month? Page? ) , Research can be defined as â€Å" Organized survey: methodical probe into a topic in order to detect facts, to set up or revise a theory, or to develop a program of action based on the facts discovered † you need to include page Numberss for direct citations In feeble adult male ‘layman ‘s ‘ footings, this fundamentally refers to the manner in which one undertakes a procedure of achieving information that is required for a peculiar ground. There are changing grades of research methods and besides to changing grades. This could run from a individual â€Å" researching † into a vacation all the manner to a PhD pupil roll uping information for their concluding thesis. This research undertaking is for a Masters degree therefore considerable research is required ref to back up? . Clough and Nutbrown ( 2002 ) who published â€Å" A Students usher to Methodology † suggest that the research at Masters Level is non so much to turn out things but more to look into inquiries and research issues. Clough and Nutbrown both define Research by the moral act within which the research worker holds duty for guaranting that attendant alteration is for the better. It is the purpose of the author to set about this procedure in order to understand the renewable facet through the planning system and to seek to determine the short-falls, if any and how to turn to them. Necessitate to utilize a assortment of refs throughout. Try and avoid the one ref per paragraph manner.Research moralssâ€Å" Research that involves human topics or participants raises alone and complex ethical, legal, societal and political issues † ( Nancy Walton, day of the month? Page? ) . Research moralss concentrates on the analysis of ethical issues that are raised when people are involved as participants in research. Consequently, there are three chief aims in research moralss, the first and broadest is to protection over the human participants. The 2nd aim is to guarantee that any research is conducted in a manner that serves involvements of the persons or groups as a whole. Ref? The 3rd aim is to research the specific research activities and undertakings for their ethical soundness such as analysis of the direction hazards, protection of confidentiality and the procedure of informed consent. Ref? Ethical protection for research participants can be described in a figure of ways which will be explained below. These descriptions have been compiled by the â€Å" research constitution † ref? Need to draw above together into one paragraph Try and avoid utilizing mini paragraphs – it can do the treatment disjointed Voluntary Engagement Voluntary Participation by and large refers to when the populace are non obliged to take part in research. For illustration, this could be when a research worker relies upon a big figure of people where no antecedently audience has taken topographic point, such as pupils at a university or the crowd at a clean event. This would, in the sentiment of the research worker addition more information than any other type. Need to back up these thoughts with refs Informed Consent Closely related to Voluntary Participation, is the demand of Informed Consent which means that research workers must advise any possible participants to derive blessing about the research, including inside informations such as what their purposes are and the relevant processs and hazards involved. ref? Hazard of Harm Parallel with the engagement process, the research worker has a responsibility of attention for their participant to guarantee they are non subjected to any Hazard of Harm. This can be both physical and/or psychological and in order to seek to forestall either, two criterions can be applied in order to keep the privateness of the participant. Unless it is a self apparent fact e.g. the Earth is round, you need to back up points with mentions. Particularly of import as you are seeking to convert the reader that you are utilizing a valid and appropriate method. Consequently, the bulk of research guarantees the participants confidentiality. This means that the participant ‘s individuality would non be made available to anyone who is non involved with the research. The other chief to keep the privateness of the person is to do the participant anon. , therefore non even the research worker being cognizant of the individuality of the topic. Subsequently in the Findings chapter, it will be apparent that in order to determine public perceptual experience of the Case Study ( Wind Farm Application ) , a assortment of voluntary participants will be asked a few basic inquiries after the planning commission for the finding of the application for the aforesaid air current farm. The individuality of the participants will besides stay anon. nevertheless the assortment of participants will be varied such as the general populace, commission members and local authorization officers. Harmonizing to Social Research Methods ( website day of the month? ) , it claims that research workers are obliged to cover with the ethical issues of participants â€Å" right to service and good research pattern † which often uses a control group named a No-treatment control group. This group is devised of individuals who neither include the participants who receive intervention nor the plan that is being researched. However, if there are good consequences from the plans, the persons assigned to the no-treatment control group may non believe they have been allowed equal entree to the services. If there is clear grounds that these ethical criterions and rules exist, the research worker may frequently set about probes that contradict the rights of the participant, nevertheless in this undertaking, there is no ground for this to go on. Obviously, it is highly hard to expect every ethical circumstance nevertheless at that place needs to be some generic processs which have been outlined earlier in this chapter to guarantee research workers to see all relevant ethical issues whilst showing research proposals.Establishing the Research MethodIn order to set up the research methods, it must be noted that the purposes and aims are to be realistic and accomplishable. Upon consideration of both, the purposes and aims are accomplishable and hence the appropriate research techniques must be applied. As with any research, it is non possible to cover every facet of the subject and hence the research inquiries rose in this thesis in bend influenced the pick of methodological analysis. ( A Students usher to Methodology ( Clough and Nutbrown 2002 ) demand to incorporate mentions carefully – where does the above ref belong? Clough and Nutbrown ( 2002 ) have devised three classs that can be assessed against the author of their research and these are as follows: Specifying Limits Clarification of research survey Empirical Issues must be identified In order to specify one ‘s bounds, the author must be cognizant of their restrictions and guarantee that the chosen subject is of a suited volume to successfully roll up a undertaking on. Once the author has identified the bounds, lucidity of the research survey must be recognised. This can be achieved by garnering a broad scope of information and literature in order to measure a assortment of statements and statistics ref? . Finally, to place the Empirical Issues, these must be once more located through a assortment of literature both historical and present informations. Harmonizing to Dirks ( 2005 ) , â€Å" much research is reported informally and seldom qualified by its beginnings † ( p? ) . attempt and avoid tonss of mini paragraphs – can do confused treatment Dirks ( 2005 ) goes on to province that through a sequence of clip, and with polish of what has been named the scientific method, these methods of research have been analysed to guarantee that the consequences are recognised throughout as valid. Furthermore, Dirks ( 2005 ) claims that these methods can be altered to the traditional constructions of deductive and inductive logic. Anyone agree with Dirks? Sprinkle in more refs where you can It is obvious to detect such a procedure in certain probes such as a scientific experiment, in which 1 could try to deduce a truth in a deductive mode. Further observation of this can be seen in societal scientific discipline research where a study may necessarily take to a factual determination of kinds. The model for this undertaking is in conformity with the observations of Cook & A ; Campbell ( 1979, cited in Rudestam & A ; Newton, 2001 ) who identified that the research method pick for societal scientific discipline surveies is of a ‘quasiexperimental ‘ design. This design comprises of some of the cogency of the controlled experiment but maintains the statement and logic of experimental research. In the tabular array 1 below, Chappell ( 2004, cited Robson, 2002 ) identifies the chief constituents of a research design: Table 1: rubric Aim What is the survey seeking to accomplish and what specific facet or procedure within the construct is being investigated? Theory What conceptual model is the construct embedded in? Research Questions What information needs to be acquired to fulfill the intent of the survey? Methods What specific methods will be used to roll up informations? Sampling Scheme From whom will the informations be sought? Beginning: Robson ( 2002, cited in Chappell, 2004, p55 ) . The primary constituents that are contained within this research model have led to the production of believable and robust research.Different types of ResearchIn order to accomplish a believable research method, one must take from a huge array of research types to garner information. This survey is to concentrate chiefly on the planning procedures and counsel and hence chiefly classified as qualitative and non quantitative which would hold concentrated on mensurable issues. The difficultly of using qualitative research methods, are considered, more flexible than those of quantitative methods, is to utilize them to do robust analysis of modern-day issues which can be complex and unconstrained ( Robson, 2002 ) . Table 2 identifies the informations aggregation methods which were engaged throughout the researching process. Need to be consistent in table rubrics Beginning Type Method Information location Primary Interviews Work/Telephone Questionnaires Work Secondary Books Libraries/Shops Diaries Libraries Governmental Guidance Libraries/Internet/Work Other Internet/Work Table 2: Methods of Data Collection Within this undertaking, it is the author ‘s purpose to use the above research methods in order to accomplish the best, most accurate information for the ulterior chapters to analyze.Case Study ResearchHarmonizing to Cassell and Symon ( 2004 ) , â€Å" a instance survey consists of a elaborate probe with informations collected over a period of clip, of phenomena, within its specific context. † Need to associate this is The author ‘s purpose is to supply an analysis of the context and procedures which elucidate the theoretical subjects being studied in this thesis. The chosen subject in this case, Wind Farms is non isolated from its context, i.e. in a research lab, but is of importance due to the purpose to understand how procedures are understood and influenced by, in an influence context. Necessitate to fall in these subdivisions together and make a streamlined treatment A instance survey is peculiarly appropriate for research inquiries which require a elaborate apprehension of societal or organizing procedures because of the rich informations collected in context. Ref? In visible radiation of the above account, it is considered appropriate in this thesis is to integrate a instance survey as it illustrates how the author can place with existent life illustrations without achieving primary informations which would turn out hard due to the limited timescale. There are assorted thoughts of the importance of instance surveies ( Yin, Campbell 1994 ) and harmonizing to Clough and Nutbrown ( 2002 ) , â€Å" They are frequently seen as premier illustrations of quantitative research which can follow an interpretative attack to informations, surveies things within their context and considers the subjective significances that people bring to their state of affairs. † P? Harmonizing to Yin ( 2003 ) , instance surveies, in this case are referred to as an â€Å" explanatory † instance survey, and are the preferable research scheme. This is due to the fact that they are able to get by with operational links which need to be identified over a period of clip alternatively of simply set uping frequences of happening. Yin ( 2003 ) besides argues that when the concluding research inquiries and hypothesis have been established, the concluding survey may non automatically be a instance survey but assume an alternate signifier of research therefore underscoring the flexible nature of instance survey research. Case survey research is hence flexible in that it is capable of accommodating to and examine into countries of planned but besides emergent theory ( Cassell and Symon day of the month? ) Due to a figure of obvious restraints such as clip and location, the clip allocated for field work and desk surveies were slightly restricted. The country chosen is northern Powys ( Montgomeryshire ) as it was the natural pick being an employee for the council, and being based in the Montgomeryshire office in Welshpool. Need to warrant your instance survey choice carefully – usage refs to back up the standards used ( i.e. location, contacts, entree to info ) The instance survey chosen will be a current, undetermined planning application for a Wind Farm in the locality. This specific application was chosen due to the significant changes due to landscape and other environmental restraints that have been considered since entry in 2007. This application was chosen with the counsel of a work co-worker who has been and still is covering with the g application. The procedure that has taken topographic point in the 2.5 twelvemonth period will be interesting to measure and measure in an environmental context and will be to the full explained in the Findingss and Discussions Chapters.Primary Research DataInterviews One of the aims within this undertaking is to seek to set up academic work that small work had been done antecedently utilizing secondary informations. However, in order to accomplish this, it was considered appropriate and good to set about at least one interview. This determination was taken as this signifier of primary research appears to hold a figure of benefits in comparing with other methods such as questionnaire including the following taken from sociologiy.org.uk web site: day of the month? â€Å" Positive resonance between interviewer and interviewee. Very simple, efficient and practical manner of acquiring informations about things that ca n't be easy observed ( feelings and emotions, for illustration ) . High Validity. Peoples are able to speak about something in item and deepness. The significances behind an action may be revealed as the interviewee is able to talk for themselves with small way from interviewer. Complex inquiries and issues can be discussed / clarified. The interviewer can examine countries suggested by the respondent ‘s replies, picking-up information that had either non occurred to the interviewer or of which the interviewer had no anterior cognition. Pre-Judgement: Problem of research worker predetermining what will or will non be discussed in the interview is resolved. With few â€Å" pre-set inquiries † involved, the interviewer is non â€Å" pre-judging † what is and is non of import information. Easy to enter interview ( video / sound tapes ) . † Freedom to research general positions or sentiments in more item that a questionnaire. The interviewer can re-word a inquiry should the topic be unable to understand. There is more to derive information face-to-face than in authorship. Upon reception of an reply, an chance to lucubrate upon such is readily available. Above top 6 points taken from ( www.socialogy.org.uk ) is this a dependable beginning? Blumer ( 1969 ) suggest that the research worker â€Å" seek participants in the domain of life who are who are acute perceivers and who are good informed † ( p? ) need more than one ref from 1969 to back up pick of interviewees In visible radiation of this, the determination of whom to take to interview was highly easy to make up one's mind as there is merely one specialist officer for the full county who dealt with the applications used as the instance surveies. This surely alleviated the force per unit area of agreements although said officer is located in a different office about 40 stat mis off in Llandrindod Wells. For the research to be as nonsubjective and robust as possible, it was indispensable to guarantee a just representation. Is one expert interview sufficient? Argue your instance It is besides proposed to set about a figure of little graduated table structured interviews with the general populace, council members and hopefully planning advisers. This will be undertaken following the planning commission for the finding of the instance survey application. Why the combined attack – explain with refs Due to limited clip available, resources were restricted and therefore it is of import for the author to maximize the end product from the research methods by integrating interviews alternatively of questionnaires, as the information gathered is normally more elaborate and precise to the present twenty-four hours. As already outlined a semi-structured interview will be undertaken with the specializer be aftering officer. This method is frequently used to roll up qualitative informations by set uping an interview which allows the interviewee clip to react with their positions. The agreement for the interview has already been assigned a day of the month and therefore has been notified good in progress should the topic require to research any inside informations relevant to the interview. Contained within the Sociology cardinal web site ( www.socialogy, org.uk ) , it discusses the semi-structured interview and states that its aim is to â€Å" understand the respondent ‘s point of position instead than do generalizations † . This construction uses unfastened ended inquiries which frequently requested by the interviewer and others of course originate during the interview. As listed above, it can be good to derive a resonance with the topic which may enable more information to be discussed as the ambiance of the interview should be slightly relaxed. The inquiries will be prepared nevertheless, as the topic is cognizant of the subject, they will non hold sight of the inquiries. Try and infix other back uping refs instead than over trusting on one beginning Due to the volume of informations being discussed, it is decided that a Dictaphone be used to guarantee all information relayed is recorded every bit good as written and the topic was besides cognizant and agreeable of this determination. If the topic declined a recorded interview, handwritten notes would be the lone method available to retain the information. After an analysis of the gathered recordings, inclusive of the notes, the cardinal issues of the findings will be fed into the treatment for analysis. Detailss of the interview, including the transcript will be included in the ulterior treatment chapter of the thesis. Questionnaires Within this thesis, there was no purpose to include a questionnaire as the pick to use the interview technique on the chosen topic is the preferable option lucidity? . If nevertheless, a big figure of individuals were being used to garner informations, the determination to take a questionnaire would be considered more favorable. Support determination with mentions Harmonizing to Sociological Central ( SC day of the month? ) , a questionnaire comprises of a list of written inquiries that can be completed by one or two ways. Postal Questionnaire – the respondents could finish the questionnaire without the research worker being present. This type refers to any questionnaire that a respondent completes without necessitating any aid. An interview – this has been discussed antecedently nevertheless ; in short, it allows the respondent an chance to reply the questionnaire verbally in the presence of the research worker. The SC recognises, as does the author, that both types are similar whereby the same inquiries can presented in either a postal questionnaire or during an interview format. Basically, there are two chief types of inquiries: Closed-ended ( or â€Å" closed inquiry † ) – this type of inquiry allows the research to bring forth a battalion of responses the respondent can take e.g. Yes/No. ( Quantitative Data ) Open-ended ( or â€Å" unfastened inquiry † ) – this type inquiry does non let the research worker to include any specific reply therefore allows the respondent to utilize their ain words. ( Qualitative Data ) There are strengths and failing to both types and below some are listed: Postal method can let the research worker to entree a big figure of possible respondents Potentially abashing subjects can be easy addressed via the postal system which may besides include namelessness. Questionnaires are by and large easy to compose and reply, particularly should â€Å" closed-ended † inquiries are used. Questionnaires are easy to standardize which allows the research worker to derive huge sums of information on the same subjects. Conversely, the failings are as follows: The simpleness of questionnaire format can turn out hard for research workers to analyze complex issues and sentiments even if open-ended inquiries are used. The research worker will ne'er cognize who completed the postal questionnaire even though it was sent to the intended receiver. The research worker ‘s reading of the inquiries may non fit that of the respondent ‘s – this can frequently be addressed via the usage of Pilot Studies prior to the study. Response rates to postal questionnaire are general rather low ( & lt ; 20 % ) therefore the research worker must direct out the big Numberss of participants to guarantee sufficient responses As mentioned above, it is non my purpose to transport out any questionnaires nevertheless should the chosen capable be unable to go to the interview, a â€Å" back up † questionnaire using a big figure of the interview inquiries will be devised.How relevant is the above subdivision if you clearly province more than one time that you will non be utilizing this method? Possibly paraphrase some of it to propose that you considered it and may utilize it as a supporting technique if required ( update when you have completed the research )Secondary Research DataHarmonizing to Patzer ( 1995 ) , selling research routinely utilizes many types of informations and information. This widespread type is informations and other pieces of information that were originally collected for another intent. When such informations is used in a peculiar mode for market research, this is considered the 2nd usage and the informations becomes classed as Secondary Data. There are two chief types of secondary informations harmonizing to Patzer ( 1995 ) , which are internal and external secondary informations. Within each of these classifications there are several considerations which range from making internal secondary informations to accessing external informations. Need to associate little paragraphs together See presentation – spacing, headers, subheadings, font size etc During this research, a figure of books, diaries, authorities counsel, the cyberspace and university counsel were the chief beginning of informations for this undertaking. The purpose was to utilize the most up-to-date information and to besides guarantee that the beginnings are believable than secondary informations as by and large there are written for academic intents. The usage of the cyberspace in research is considered rather extended due to the ever-growing and updated nature of the world-wide-web. Haddon ( 1997 ) , who has undertaken considerable research in this field, makes suggestions about the type of research that is required to understand people outlooks whilst allowing the Internet ( Haddon and Hartman, 1997 ) . These include what the phenomenon symbolises to people such as how they foremost encountered the Internet, what support they have and any jobs they face, how it is perceived and possibly used in relation to other engineerings and media ; and where it can perchance suit into the clip constructions of families and persons. ( Haddon and Hartman, 1997 ) . It is acknowledged that Haddon and Hartman suggested these points about 13 old ages ago when, the cyberspace could be argued, was still in its comparative babyhood. It is noted that the cyberspace these yearss is considerable more user-friendly than in 1997 hence entree to the cyberspace is virtually in every family and available to everyone. Try and add in another ref above to back up this thought Out of Date Research Some of the literature noted in this undertaking could be considered instead dated nevertheless, it would ne'er be considered â€Å" outdated † due to the information being used and recognised to this current day of the month. Are you placing a job to the reader? Is it necessary? Possibly merely reference that attention has been taken to obtain a scope of stuff, although some of it by its nature is older. In add-on, due to the shear extent of information available on the cyberspace, it is of import to guarantee that the information used is reliable and accurate. This was done by utilizing authorities web site or reliable web site accredited by recognized administrations. Need reasoning drumhead subdivision of chapter Necessitate sentence or so to associate into following chapter e.g. the undermentioned chapter moves on to see aˆÂ ¦